Hnin Si May Khin¹,Miniwan Tulafu¹,Shinya Abe²,Chieko Mitaka¹ (1.Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Japan 2.Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Japan)

Yoshinori Murao¹,Takami Nakao²,Noriko Tsuda²,Ikuo Ota²,Mitsuhide Hamaguchi²,Katsuyuki Maruyama²,Toshifumi Uejima²,Takao Sato² (1.Critical Care Medical Center, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Japan 2.Kinki University, Japan)

Yen Ta Huang¹,Lee Ying Soo¹,Guan Jin Ho¹,Chuan Chu Cheng²,Ted H. Chiu³,Pei Chun Lai⁴ (1.Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taiwan 2.Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taiwan 3.Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan 4.Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taiwan)

Junko Kosaka¹,Toru Takahashi²,Hiroko Shimizu³,Susumu Kawanishi⁴,Hiroshi Morimatsu³ (1.Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Japan 2.Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan 3.Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduated School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan 4.Emergency and Critical Care Center, Tsuyama Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan)

Suk-Kyung Hong¹,Geundoo Jang² (1.Department of Surgery/Division of Trauma and Critical Care, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Korea, 2.Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Korea)

Ju Mizuno¹,Eiichi Inada¹,Mikiya Otsuji²,Takeshi Yokoyama³,Hideko Arita⁴,Kazuo Hanaoka⁴ (1.Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Japan 2.Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Building of Education and Research, Japan 3.Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Japan 4.Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, JR Tokyo General Hospital, Japan)

Hitoshi Kobata (Osaka Mishima Emergency Critical Center, Japan)

Kentaro Ide¹,Vinay Kukreti¹,Cheri Nickel¹,Jura Augustinavicius¹,Jamie Hutchison¹,Anne-Marie Guerguerian¹ (1.Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada 2.Department of Critical Care and Anesthesia, The National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan)

Jin Sue Jeon¹,Hogeol Ryu²,Hannah Lee² (1.Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea)

Jae Hwa Cho¹,Ki young Kyeong²,Seukhyun Kim²,Young Sang Lee²,Junhwan Lim³,Jeongmin Lee³ (1.Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Inha University, Korea 2.College of Information Technology, Inha University, Korea 3.Depatment of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Korea)

Kentaro Ide^1,2,Helena Frndova¹,Judith Van Huyse¹,Hayley Craig-Barnes¹,Martin Post¹,Jamie Hutchison¹ (1.Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada 2.Department of Critical Care and Anesthesia, The National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan)

Hiroyuki Tanaka,Nobuaki Shime,Nozomu Sasahashi,Satoru Beppu,Kosuke Yoshida,Kyo Inoue,Takahiko Tutumi (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Medical Center, Japan)

Jeong-Am Ryu¹,Gee Young Suh¹,Chi-Min Park¹,Kyeongman Jeon¹,Jeong Hoon Yang¹,Chi Ryang Chung¹,Yang Hyun Cho² (1.Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea 2.Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea)

Yasuhiro Kuroda¹,Kenta Kawakita¹,Ken Nagao²,Naohiro Yonemoto³,Hiroyuki Yokoyama⁴,Hiroshi Nonogi⁵,Investigators J-PULSE-Hypo (1.Department of Emergency, Disaster, and Critical Care Medicine, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan 2.Department of Cardiology, Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, Japan 3.Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan 4.Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan 5.Shizuoka General Hospital, Japan)

Yuki Enomoto,Takashi Muguruma,Shingo Adachi,Chiaki Toida,Takashi Tagaya (Division of Acute and Critical Care, National Medical Center for Children and Mothers, Japan)

Yasuhiro Nakamura¹,Masanari Kuwabara¹,Haruo Mitani¹,Yasuhiro Tomita¹,Rieko Ishimura¹,Takahide Kodama¹,Manabu Moriya¹,Yoh Fujimoto¹,Harushi Udagawa²,Sugao Ishiwata¹,Minoru Ono¹ (1.Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan 2.Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Japan)

Sung-Hoon Kim,Hwa-Mi Lee,Eun-Ha Suk,Jai-Hyun Hwang (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea)

Akihito Tampo,Akihiro Suzuki,Daisuke Kawata,Naohiro Kokita,Satoshi Fujita (Department of Emergency Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan)

Norihiko Tsuboi¹,Takashi Muguruma¹,Chiaki Toida¹,Masashi Miyamoto¹,Nao Nishimura¹,Noriko Morimoto² (1.Division of Acute and Critical Care, National Medical Center for Children and Mothers, Japan 2.Division of Otorhinolaryngology, National Medical Center for Children and Mothers, Japan)

Jong-Yeon Park¹,Byeong Yeon Yu¹,Song Jo¹,Sung Soo Lee¹,Young Sin Kim¹,Sun Hee Kim¹,Oh Youn Kim¹,Youn Hee Kang² (1.Department of Nursing, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Korea 2.Division of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, Korea)

Hiroshi Okamoto¹,Takashi Fujihara²,Aiko Oka³,Toshio Fukuoka¹ (1.Department of Emergency Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan 2.Department of Otolaryngology, Ehime University Hospital, Japan 3.Department of Otolaryngology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan)

Hideyuki Mouri,Michio Nagashima,Hiroshi Koyama,Tetsuya Komuro,Tetsu Ohnuma,Yusuke Iizuka,Tomoyuki Masuyama,Mizuki Sato,Masamitsu Sanui (Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan)

Jung-Wan Yoo¹,Chae-Man Lim¹,Ara Synn¹,Je Hyung Kim²,Sang Bum Hong¹,Younsuck Koh¹ (1.Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Korea 2.Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Korea University, College of Medicine, Korea)

Chairat Permpikul, Chutima Chiranakorn (Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand)

Choon Hak Lim,Myung Ji Nam,Hye Won Shin,Kyung Sun,Hye Won Lee,Ji Sung Lee,Hyun Jung Kim (Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, Korea)

Kaweesak Chittawatanarat, Wutthipong Jaipakdee (Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand)

Mizuki Sato,Masamitsu Sanui,Hiroshi Koyama,Tetsuya Komuro,Hideyuki Mouri,Tetsu Onuma,Tomoyuki Masuyama,Fumitaka Yanase (Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan)

Satoshi Kimura,Kazuyuki Matsuda,Satoshi Mitsui,Shinji Kobashi,Fumitoshi Kanagawa,Hidehiko Yatsuzuka (Department of Anesthesiology, Fukuyama Medical Center, Japan)

Injung Sohn¹,Jooyoung Oh¹,Cheung Soo Shin²,Se Hee Na²,Hyung-Jun Yoon¹,Jin Young Park¹ (1.Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea)

Shigeaki Inoue¹,Eduard E. Vasilevskis²,Pratik P. Pandharipande³,Timothy D. Girard⁴,Amy J. Graves⁵,Jennifer Thompson⁵,Ayumi Shintani⁵,Wesley E. Ely⁴,Sadaki Inokuchi¹ (1.Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan 2.Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA 3.Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA 4.Division of Allergy/Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA 5.Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA)

Jooyoung Oh¹,Jung-Hyun Sohn¹,Cheung Soo Shin²,Se Hee Na²,Hyung-Jun Yoon¹,Jin Young Park¹ (1.Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea)

Takao Yano,Shin Onizuka (Department of Anesthesiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Japan)

Sungwon Na (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea)

Nobuaki Shime,Miya Bokui (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan)

Youjin Chang¹,Jae Young Moon²,Young-Jae Cho³,Sang-Min Lee⁴,Kyeongman Jeon⁵,Seok Chan Kim⁶,Young Sam Kim⁷,Yong Pil Chong⁸,Yang Soo Kim⁸,Sang-Bum Hong¹ (1.Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea 2.Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University, Korea 3.Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea 4.Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea 5.Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sunkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea 6.Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea 7.Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea 8.Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea)

Hiroshi Koyama¹,Tomoo Saga²,Yoshikazu Ishii²,Kazuhiro Tateda²,Mizuki Sato¹,Tomoyuki Masuyama¹,Yusuke Iizuka¹,Tetsu Ohnuma¹,Hideyuki Mouri¹,Tetsuya Komuro¹,Masamitsu Sanui¹ (1.Depertment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Japan 2.Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan)

Hee Jung Yoon (Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University College of Medicine, Eulji University Hospital)

Young-Joo Lee¹,Jin Park²,Gill-Soon Yang³ (1.Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ewha Woman's, Korea 2.Department of Neurology, University of Ewha Woman's Mokdong Hospital, Korea 3.Nursing Department, University of Ewha Woman's Mokdong Hospital, Korea)

Toru Hifumi ¹,Akihiko Yamamoto ²,Atsushi Sakai ³,Yuko Abe⁴, Kenya Kawakita⁴,Masanobu Hagiike⁴,Yasuhiro Kuroda⁴,Yuichi Koido⁵ (1. Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Japan 2. National Institute for Infectious Disease, Japan 3. Japan Snake Center, Japan 4. Kagawa University Hospital, Japan 5. National Disaster Medical Center, Japan)

Hideto Yasuda^1,4,Shigehiko Uchino^2,4,Masamitsu Sanui^3,4 (1.Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Japan 2.Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 3.Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan 4.Japanese Society of Education for Physicians and Trainees in Intensive Care, Japan)

Shin Ok Koh,Sungwon Na,Myoung Hwa Kim,Jin Sun Cho (Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University of College of Medicine, Korea)

Jin Wi,Dong-Ho Shin,Jung-Sun Kim,Byeong-Keuk Kim,Young-Guk Ko,Donghoon Choi,Myeong-Ki Hong,Yangsoo Jang (Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Korea)

Woo Surng Lee¹,Hyun Keun Chee²,Je Kyoun Shin²,Jun Seok Kim²,Song Am Lee²,Yo Han Kim¹ (1.Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea 2.Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Konkuk University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea)

Tomohisa Yokoyama,Michioki Tano,Kumiko Onda,Yoshinori Ariyasu,Keisuke Koyama,Hayao Uchida,Kazuo Ohashi,Naoya Kobayashi (Department of Blood Purification Center, Okayama Saidaiji Hospital, Japan)