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[4-1015-C-07] Impact of Mechanization Development on Women and Hired Labor Utilizations of Small-Scale Rice Farming Operations in Kampar Region, Indonesia
キーワード：Mechanization development, women labor, hired labor, small-scale rice farming
Agricultural mechanization has been undergoing the development process through the replacement of human labor and draught animals with farm machinery particularly in rice farming system. This research examines the impact of mechanization development on women and hired labor utilization of small-scale rice farming operations in Kampar Region. Field surveys were conducted in two districts in Kampar Region, namely Kuok and Bangkinang during July-August 2018. Sixty rice women farmers were purposively selected for samples and they were interviewed personally to collect primary data. Data were analyzed using a descriptive–quantitative approach and simple regression techniques. As a result, the mechanization development in small-scale rice farming gradually reduced women and hired labor utilization and quickly occurred primarily on labor-intensive operations, such as land preparation, harvesting, threshing, and milling. Totally, the time requirement for performing rice farming operations was relatively high to account for 602.56 hr.ha-1. Most of the hours were required to perform manually operations, including weeding (136.31 hr.ha-1), transplanting (132.59 hr.ha-1), and harvesting (99.77 hr.ha-1). These operations required more time due to dominantly worked by women and hired labor with manual tools. On the other hand, the working hours used farm machines reduced significantly, accounting for 61.88 hr.ha-1, 99.76 hr.ha-1, 30.27 hr.ha-1, and 45.92 hr.ha-1 for ploughing, harvesting, threshing, and milling, respectively. The reduced working hours in rice farming created few off-farm activities in survey areas