[S-VC47] Volcanic and igneous activities, and these long-term forecasting

[SVC47-11] Genesis of andesite and rhyolite magmas prior to the 30ka Aira catastrophic caldera-forming eruption

*Ayumu Nishihara^1,4, Yoshiyuki Tatsumi^2,1, Katsuya Kaneko¹, Qing Chang³, Nobuo Geshi⁴, Keiko Suzuki-Kamata^2,1 (1.Department of Planetology, Graduate School of Science , Kobe University, 2.Kobe Ocean-Bottom Exploration Center, 3.Research Institute for Marine Geodynamics, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 4.Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology)

Keywords:Sr isotope ratio, Aira caldera, Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization (AFC) process

Pre-caldera volcanism provides a key to understanding the genesis of the large amounts of magma involved in catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions (CCFE). In the Aira caldera region, several pyroclastic eruptions occurred before the latest supereruption (the 30ka Aira CCFE). Their juvenile products provide important constraints on the estimation of the magma plumbing system of the Aira CCFE. In this presentation, we focused on the 60ka Iwato eruption that was one of the largest eruptions prior to the Aira CCFE. We examined geochemical characteristics of phenocrysts in the juvenile clasts of the Iwato eruption, to investigate the genesis of andesite and rhyolite magmas prior to the Aira CCFE.
The juvenile clasts of the Iwato eruption are divided into rhyolite pumice (69-76 SiO₂ wt.%) and andesite scoria (56-60 SiO₂ wt.%), and their phenocryst assemblages are pl+qtz+opx and pl+opx+cpx(±qtz±ol), respectively. The plagioclase phenocrysts in the pumice and scoria show normally or oscillatory chemical zoning. The rhyolite pumice clasts contain mainly low-An (60) plagioclase with constant low-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.7057±0.0006, 2SD), while those in the andesite scoria show a bimodal chemical distribution with peaks of An₅₀ and An₈₀. The high-An (>An₇₀) plagioclase in the scoria show higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7067±0.0013, 2SD) than the low-An plagioclase, and their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values increase with decreasing An-contents. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of highest-An(~An₉₅) plagioclase are ~0.7055, which are identical to those of the low-An plagioclase.
These observations suggest the following processes of the andesite and rhyolite magmas, which crystallized the high- and low-An plagioclase, respectively. Geochemical characteristics of the low-An plagioclase in the scoria are identical to those in the pumice, indicating that they were sourced from the rhyolite magma. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr versus An-content variations of the high-An plagioclase indicate that the andesite magma had experienced an assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) process with higher-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr materials such as shallow crustal rocks (Shimanto sediments: >0.7096; Miocene granites: >0.7088). The similar ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of the highest-An plagioclase in andesite and low-An plagioclases in rhyolite suggest that the andesite and rhyolite magmas were originally formed by a melting of a common source material. Considering that the values of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7057±0.0006) are higher than those of the typical ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of mantle material around the Aira region (0.7042-0.7047 in whole-rock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁷Sr), the source rock is likely to be a crustal material. Little reverse zoning and dissolved texture of the phenocrysts in the scoria suggest that the timing of magma mixing was immediately before the Iwato eruption. In addition, this process of magma genesis is similar to that for the 30ka Aira CCFE, suggesting that the magma plumbing system of the Iwato eruption may have been maintained until the occurrence of the Aira CCFE.