10:45 AM - 12:15 PM
[HCG19-P01] Appreciation of Japanese landscapes in the period of enployed westerneers 1868-1878
Keywords:landscape appreciation, employed westerners, Japan
1868-78 Period of hiring specialists
The Meiji governments and locals hired foreigners to absorb Western culture in Meiji era. Westerners from various types wandered Japan. They had a good impression of Japan and some stayed for a long time. They traveled Japan freely with various helps, and described the enriched contents, worth to listen.
R.H. Brunton
Scottish guide of lighthouses toured coastline, and described Japan as an underdeveloped country and unsanitary conditions, and beautiful Japan as a tourist's mistake. He didn't appreciate Japanese landscapes. He noted primitive Japanese houses and dirty the streets. He wrote Ino's maps used the triangulation taught by Westerners.
W.E. Griffis
Physics and chemistry teacher at Fukui appreciated the countryside of Yokohama, Lake Biwa, Tsuruga, and Fukui, Mt. Hakusan and Mt. Fuji. He wrote heavy snow in Hokuriku.
A.F.V. Huebner
Austrian diplomat developed his theory on Japanese architecture, sculpture, and painting. He described the details of the terrain changes and the green landscape. He compared the landscapes of Tyrol, Switzerland, Scotland and Japan. He liked Fujiyoshida, Saruhashi, Hachioji, Hakone, and Lake Biwa. He noted the fascination of trees in the Japanese landscape. He noted Japanese farmers' understanding of the landscape by better climatic conditions than European farmers'. He reasoned Japanese paintings to be deliberately out of perspective. He noted the affect of humid Japanese climate to the aerial perspective.
H. Carpron
Agriculture adviser stayed in Southern Hokkaido and disproved the scholar's opinion that Hokkaido, like Siberia, was unsuitable for agriculture. He found the Japanese lifestyle unsuitable for the cold climate, and brought stoves for heating. He appraised a triumph of farmers’ field practice in Japanese scenery. He wrote many beautiful scenery of southern Hokkaido, and the aesthetic benefits of plants. He wrote Hokkaido to be the garden of the world for the Anglo-Saxons.
E.W. Clark
Teacher of science at Shizuoka popularized Christianity. He projected American and European slides to the Japanese first time. He liked the city of Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe, the scenery of Hakone and Mt. Fuji. He noted the beautiful sight to sing hymns in Japanese.
G. Bousquet
French legal adviser of government liked the distant views of plains Mt. Fuji and Mt. Asama from Sakura. He liked topography of Lake Suwa from Wada Pass and Kanpuzawa on the Oga Peninsula and the rivers and forests of Hokkaido. He could not understand the eight views of Omi.
L.II. Mechnikov
Russian teacher noted the beauty of greenery, and preferred the landscape with cultural flavor. He admired fast Japanese plants to grow, the significant comparison with Russia.
E. Naumann
German geologist noted Japan as a beautiful country. He described unusual views from and to mountains, e.g, Mt. Chokai, Mt. Yari, Mt. Kaimon, and Mt. Bandai. He wrote that the plants compensated for the lack of glaciers and crags. He noted Japan as a paradise on earth.
A. Voeikov
Russian geographer and meteorologist in Saint Petersburg examined Japan's population density. He noted the beauty of Japan, with a mixture of deciduous, coniferous and evergreen trees at the bays and coasts. He admired forests and groves scattered on the hills, and forests in the sands. He liked the Japan Sea side than the Seto Inland Sea. Regamey French painter, professor and Franco Society objected to cutting down rows of old trees, erecting telephone poles, and putting up advertisements. He introduced the sophistication of Japanese landscaping techniques. He advocated for landscape protection and proposed to preserve Japan as a world park.
E. Baelz
Medical teacher thought the health of Japanese and saved many. He introduced environmental medicine and wandered the Kanto region to find places for climate recuperation and hot spring. He compared between the Alps and Azuma Valley, and Kegon Fall and Yellowstone. He noted heavy Japanese snow and regretted Japan no spring of Europe. He admired Nikko's cedar trees, Azuma Valley, Kamakura, the deciduous forests at Mt. Asama, and Hakone. He wrote Japanese not to know the joy of walking but even a hungry packhorse driver knowing the landscape beauty.
E.S. Morse
Zoology Professor was good at drawing and gave lectures on viewing. He taught the Japanese the theory of evolution. He conducted many field surveys with good sketch of Japan, e.g. Irohazaka, Mt. Nantai, Enoshima, Otaru, Mori, Kagoshima, Nagasaki, and Wakayama. He noted that Japanese enjoy nature with an artistic eye and was a civilized human and loved all the forms of nature. He liked cherry and lily flowers, and plants e.g. bamboo bushes, fern, and azalea.
The Meiji governments and locals hired foreigners to absorb Western culture in Meiji era. Westerners from various types wandered Japan. They had a good impression of Japan and some stayed for a long time. They traveled Japan freely with various helps, and described the enriched contents, worth to listen.
R.H. Brunton
Scottish guide of lighthouses toured coastline, and described Japan as an underdeveloped country and unsanitary conditions, and beautiful Japan as a tourist's mistake. He didn't appreciate Japanese landscapes. He noted primitive Japanese houses and dirty the streets. He wrote Ino's maps used the triangulation taught by Westerners.
W.E. Griffis
Physics and chemistry teacher at Fukui appreciated the countryside of Yokohama, Lake Biwa, Tsuruga, and Fukui, Mt. Hakusan and Mt. Fuji. He wrote heavy snow in Hokuriku.
A.F.V. Huebner
Austrian diplomat developed his theory on Japanese architecture, sculpture, and painting. He described the details of the terrain changes and the green landscape. He compared the landscapes of Tyrol, Switzerland, Scotland and Japan. He liked Fujiyoshida, Saruhashi, Hachioji, Hakone, and Lake Biwa. He noted the fascination of trees in the Japanese landscape. He noted Japanese farmers' understanding of the landscape by better climatic conditions than European farmers'. He reasoned Japanese paintings to be deliberately out of perspective. He noted the affect of humid Japanese climate to the aerial perspective.
H. Carpron
Agriculture adviser stayed in Southern Hokkaido and disproved the scholar's opinion that Hokkaido, like Siberia, was unsuitable for agriculture. He found the Japanese lifestyle unsuitable for the cold climate, and brought stoves for heating. He appraised a triumph of farmers’ field practice in Japanese scenery. He wrote many beautiful scenery of southern Hokkaido, and the aesthetic benefits of plants. He wrote Hokkaido to be the garden of the world for the Anglo-Saxons.
E.W. Clark
Teacher of science at Shizuoka popularized Christianity. He projected American and European slides to the Japanese first time. He liked the city of Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe, the scenery of Hakone and Mt. Fuji. He noted the beautiful sight to sing hymns in Japanese.
G. Bousquet
French legal adviser of government liked the distant views of plains Mt. Fuji and Mt. Asama from Sakura. He liked topography of Lake Suwa from Wada Pass and Kanpuzawa on the Oga Peninsula and the rivers and forests of Hokkaido. He could not understand the eight views of Omi.
L.II. Mechnikov
Russian teacher noted the beauty of greenery, and preferred the landscape with cultural flavor. He admired fast Japanese plants to grow, the significant comparison with Russia.
E. Naumann
German geologist noted Japan as a beautiful country. He described unusual views from and to mountains, e.g, Mt. Chokai, Mt. Yari, Mt. Kaimon, and Mt. Bandai. He wrote that the plants compensated for the lack of glaciers and crags. He noted Japan as a paradise on earth.
A. Voeikov
Russian geographer and meteorologist in Saint Petersburg examined Japan's population density. He noted the beauty of Japan, with a mixture of deciduous, coniferous and evergreen trees at the bays and coasts. He admired forests and groves scattered on the hills, and forests in the sands. He liked the Japan Sea side than the Seto Inland Sea. Regamey French painter, professor and Franco Society objected to cutting down rows of old trees, erecting telephone poles, and putting up advertisements. He introduced the sophistication of Japanese landscaping techniques. He advocated for landscape protection and proposed to preserve Japan as a world park.
E. Baelz
Medical teacher thought the health of Japanese and saved many. He introduced environmental medicine and wandered the Kanto region to find places for climate recuperation and hot spring. He compared between the Alps and Azuma Valley, and Kegon Fall and Yellowstone. He noted heavy Japanese snow and regretted Japan no spring of Europe. He admired Nikko's cedar trees, Azuma Valley, Kamakura, the deciduous forests at Mt. Asama, and Hakone. He wrote Japanese not to know the joy of walking but even a hungry packhorse driver knowing the landscape beauty.
E.S. Morse
Zoology Professor was good at drawing and gave lectures on viewing. He taught the Japanese the theory of evolution. He conducted many field surveys with good sketch of Japan, e.g. Irohazaka, Mt. Nantai, Enoshima, Otaru, Mori, Kagoshima, Nagasaki, and Wakayama. He noted that Japanese enjoy nature with an artistic eye and was a civilized human and loved all the forms of nature. He liked cherry and lily flowers, and plants e.g. bamboo bushes, fern, and azalea.