Satoru Morimoto^1,2,3, Leventoux Nicolas¹, Mitsuru Ishikawa¹, Shiho Nakamura¹, Fumiko Ozawa¹, Reona Kobayashi¹, Hirotaka Watanabe¹, Supakul Sopak¹, Satoshi Okamoto¹, Zhou Zhi¹, Hiroya Kobayashi¹, Chris Kato¹, Yoshifumi Hirokawa², Ikuko Aiba⁴, Shinichi Takahashi^1,5, Shinsuke Shibata^1,6, Masaki Takao⁷, Fumito Endo⁸, Koji Yamanaka⁸, Yasumasa Kokubo⁹, Hideyuki Okano^1,3 (1.Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Japan, 2.Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan, 3.Neurodegenerative disease research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Japan, 4.Department of Neurology, NHO Higashinagoya National Hospital, Japan, 5.Department of Neurology and Stroke, Saitama medical University, International Medical Centre, Japan, 6.Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan, 7.Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Japan, 8.Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Japan, 9.Kii ALS/PDC Research Centre, Mie University Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Japan)

Masaya Harada^1,2, Katsuhisa Masaki¹, Hiroaki Sekiya³, Dai Matsuse¹, Hiroo Yamaguchi^1,4, Yuji Nishimura¹, Ozdemir Takase Ezgi¹, Eizo Tanaka¹, Tatsunori Tanaka^1,5, Yuu-ichi Kira¹, W. Dickson Dennis³, Kei Fujishima¹, Eriko Matsuo¹, Ryo Yamasaki¹, Hideyuki Takeuchi^6,7,8, Takayuki Taniwaki², Noriko Isobe¹, Jun-ichi Kira^1,9,10 (1.Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan, 2.Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan, 3.Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA, 4.School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Reiwa Health Sciences University, Japan, 5.Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan, 6.Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan, 7.Department of Neurology, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Japan, 8.Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan, 9.Translational Neuroscience Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan, 10.Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, Japan)

Asato Tsuji, Norio Chihara, Ritsu Akatani, Kimitaka Katanazaka, Shota Nishii, Riki Matsumoto (Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan)

Motoki Fujimaki¹, Zhu Ye², Lopez Ana², Rubinsztein David², Shinji Saiki¹ (1.Department of Neurology, University of Tsukuba, Japan, 2.Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK)

Susumu Ikenoshita^1,2, Kazuya Matsuo¹, Yasushi Yabuki¹, Sefan Asamitsu¹, Toshikazu Bando³, Hiroshi Sugiyama^3,4, Mitsuharu Ueda², Norifumi Shioda¹ (1.Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Japan, 2.Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan, 3.Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan, 4.Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science, Kyoto University, Japan)

Daiki Takewaki^1,2,3, Yuya Kiguchi^3,4, Hiroaki Masuoka³, Wakiro Sato^1,2, Yukio Kimura^2,6, Noriko Sato⁶, Yumiko Nakanishi⁵, Hiroshi Ohno⁵, Wataru Suda³, Takashi Yamamura^1,2 (1.Department of Immunology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan, 2.Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan, 3.Laboratory for Symbiotic Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN, Japan, 4.Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan, 5.Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Japan, 6.Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan)