In this talk, I will present a new paradigm of sensing, computing, and storage devices inspired by the neurobiological architectures and neural algorithms found inside various animal brains that allow evolutionary success in resource-constrained environments. Towards the realization of our vision, we exploit unique electronic and optoelectronic properties of layered two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, MoS₂, WSe₂, black phosphorous, etc., to design high performance, ultra-low-power, and artificially intelligent devices.