*Takahisa Furuichi^1,2, Shigeru Mizugaki³, Nobutomo Osanai⁴, Masanori Nunokawa³ (1.Miyagi University of Education, 2.University of the Sunshine Coast, 3.Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, 4.The National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies)

*Takahisa Furuichi^1,2, Seiji Yanai³, Tomoya Hayakawa⁴ (1.Miyagi University of Education, 2.University of the Sunshine Coast, 3.Ishikawa Prefectural University, 4.Nippon Koei, Co. Ltd.)

Takatoshi Kawano¹, *Tsuyoshi Hattanji², Takahisa Furuichi³, Shoji Doshida⁴, Yasushi Tanaka⁵ (1.Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 2.Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 3.Miyagi University of Education, 4.National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, 5.Komazawa University )