*Jonathan E Snow¹, Atlanta Sen², Yasuhiko Ohara^3,4,5, Ken-ichi Hirauchi⁶, Yui Kouketsu⁵, Alessio Sanfilippo⁷, Valentin Basch⁷, Yumiko Harigane⁸, Masakazu Fujii⁹, Kyoko Okino¹⁰, Norikatsu Akizawa¹⁰ (1.Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, 2.Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA, 3.Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of Japan, Tokyo 100-8932, Japan, 4.Research Institute for Marine Geodynamics, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan, 5.Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, 6.Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan, 7.Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, 8.Research Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan, 9.National Institute of Polar Research/SOKENDAI, Tokyo, Japan, 10.Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan)