[M-IS17] History X Earth and Planetary Science

[MIS17-P04] The 1830 Bumsei Kyoto Earthquake and Earthquake Prayers at Kamigamo Shrine in the Diaris of Kamo-Wake-Ikazuchi Shirine

★Invited Papers

*Miki HAMANO¹, kiyomi iwahashi³, Natsumi Kusayama⁹, Reizaburo Kitai⁴, Munehisa Yamamoto⁶, Junzo Ohmura^2,10, Harufumi Tamazawa^5,8, Haruo Horikawa⁷, Yasuyuki Kano^2,10 (1.Ritsumeikan University, Graduate school of letters, 2.Earrthquake Reseach Institute, The University of Tokyo, 3.Kokugakuin University, faculty of literature, 4.Ritsumeikan University, faculty of law, 5.Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, 6.The Foundation of The Kamoagatanushi Clan, 7. Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 8.Kyoto City University of Arts, 9.Kokugakuin University, Graduate School of Letters, 10.Collaborative Research Organization for Historical Materials on Earthquakes and Volcanoes, The University of Tokyo)

Keywords:Kamo-Wake-Ikazuchi Shirine, Kamigamo Shrine, The 1830 Bunsei Kyoto Earthquake, Syaki-Kari-Tsuke

This report examines the earthquake prayer (disaster prayer) and rituals at Kamigamo Shrine on the occasion of the earthquake that occurred on August 19, 1830, using the "Sha-ki Kari-tsuke," a shrine diary in the collection of Kamo-Wake-Ikazuchi Shirine ((also known as Kamigamo Shrine).
Mase (2022) has studied disaster prayer in early modern Japan, and examined aspects of the authority of the imperial court in terms of its authority to preside over disaster prayer, which was one of the state rituals. Nishiyama (2002) has also conducted a study on prayers for the 1830 Bunsei-Kyoto Earthquake, which has clarified many aspects of the facts and the timeline of the prayers.
However, there are not many detailed records of disaster prayers by temples and shrines that were ordered to pray by the Imperial Court or the Shogunate. In this respect, the “Sha-ki Kari-tsuke” which is the material for this report, is a useful historical document that can fill in aspects of prayers for the Bunsei Kyoto Earthquake that have not been pointed out previously.
In this report, we will clarify the detailed process of earthquake prayers conducted at seven shrines and seven temples, including Kamigamo Shrine, on the occasion of the Bunsei Kyoto Earthquake. In the “Sha-ki Kari-tsuke” after the earthquake, we can see that a letter of prayer order had already been sent to Kamigamo Shrine as early as July 2, the day of the earthquake. It is also pointed out that a prayer order for the earthquake arrived at Enryaku-ji Temple on the same day (July 2). The urgency can be seen in the wording of the letter copied in the “Sha-ki Kari-tsuke” which reads, "Temporary business”.
The earthquake prayer that was held at Kamigamo Shrine for seven days from July 3 was to be followed by another seven days from July 10. It is pointed out that such an example of a disaster prayer lasting 14 days was unprecedented in modern times. The “Sha-ki Kari-tsuke” also mentions that the Kamigamo Shrine was troubled by aftershocks that did not cease during the period of earthquake prayer.
The prolonged earthquake prayer also affected the rituals of Kamigamo Shrine. Noh (sarugaku) plays were dedicated at Kamigamo Shrine on June 28, 29, and July 1 every year. In June of Bunsei 13, it was decided to postpone this event, which was called "Mizunazuki Noh," to July 4, 5, and 6. However, it was postponed several times due to the decision to hold earthquake prayers for seven days from July 3 and another seven days from July 10. Finally, due to a combination of reasons other than the earthquake, it was decided to hold the event in the following month, and it is thought that the indirect effects of the earthquake extended to rituals and other events in the shrines. In this report, we will also examine the impact of the earthquake on these events at the shrine.