*Ayako Yamamoto¹, Carolina O. Dufour², Jaime B. Palter^1,3, Stephen M. Griffies⁴, Daniele Bianchi⁵, Mariona Claret⁶, John P. Dunne⁴, Ivy Frenger⁷, Eric D. Galbraith⁸ (1.Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2.Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 3.Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA, 4.NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 5.Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, 6.Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 7.GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, 8.Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats-Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autonoma de 12 Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain)